by Dr. Haq | Aug 21, 2023 | Activist Virus-, Artificial intelligence, Endoscopy, Medical
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition affecting millions worldwide. It can cause symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness, making it difficult to breathe. However, with proper management and treatment, asthma can be controlled, and its symptoms can be minimised. In this blog post, we’ll share tips to help manage your asthma and breathe easily.
- Know your triggers – The first step in controlling your asthma is to identify your triggers. Triggers are things that can cause your asthma symptoms to flare up, such as pollen, dust mites, animal dander, cold air, or exercise. By knowing your triggers, you can take steps to avoid or minimise exposure to them.
- Take your medications as prescribed – Medications are an essential part of managing asthma. If medications have been prescribed for your asthma, it’s important to take them as directed by your doctor. This may include inhalers, nebulizers, or oral medications. These medications help to control inflammation and open up airways, making it easier to breathe.Check out: Asthma: Debunking Myths About Using Inhalers
- Follow an Asthma action plan – An asthma action plan is a written plan outlining the steps you should take when your asthma symptoms worsen. Doctors can help create an asthma action plan that includes instructions on when to take your medication, when to seek medical help, and how to manage your triggers.
- Monitor your lung function – Monitoring your lung function is an important part of controlling your asthma. Doctors may recommend using a peak flow metre, which measures how well you can breathe out air. By monitoring your lung function regularly, you can detect changes in your asthma symptoms and take appropriate action.
- Keep your environment clean – Keeping your environment clean is essential for controlling asthma symptoms. This includes reducing exposure to dust, mould, and other allergens. Vacuum regularly, wash bedding in hot water, and use an air purifier.
- Stay active – Exercise is a part of a healthy lifestyle, even if you have asthma. Regular exercise can help improve lung function, reduce inflammation, and strengthen respiratory muscles. Talk to a doctor before starting new exercise programs, and take precautions, such as using your inhaler before exercising.
- Manage stress – Stress can exacerbate asthma symptoms, so it’s important to manage stress levels. This includes practising relaxation techniques like deep breathing, meditation, or yoga. It’s also important to get enough sleep and make time for activities you enjoy.
Checkout: Types of Asthma
In conclusion, asthma can be a challenging condition to manage, but it can be controlled with the proper treatment and lifestyle changes. By knowing your triggers, taking your medications as prescribed, following an asthma action plan, monitoring your lung function, keeping your environment clean, staying active, and managing stress, you can keep your asthma under control and breathe easy. If you’re struggling with asthma symptoms, talk to a doctor or asthma specialist about the best treatment options for you.
by Dr. Haq | Aug 14, 2023 | Artificial intelligence, Endoscopy, Medical
Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer of the bone marrow and blood, specifically, a malignancy of plasma cells found in the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue found within bones and is the site of blood production. These plasma cells are specific types of white cells called B lymphoid cells whose primary function is to secrete antibodies which help in maintaining the body’s immune functions and helps prevent and fight infections. In normal circumstances, these cells cannot be detected in the peripheral blood of a healthy individual.
Multiple myeloma, also known as plasma cell myeloma, is a disease spectrum included under the broad category of heterogeneous pathologic conditions called Plasma Cell Dyscrasia (PCD). There are many other diseases included under the umbrella term of PCD, such as Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS), AL Amyloidosis, Plasmacytoma, Monoclonal Gammopathy of Renal Significance (MGRS), Waldenstorms Macroglobulinemia (WM), and plasma cells leukaemia (PCL).
Multiple Myeloma Causes
Among these, multiple myeloma is one of the most prevalent diseases. It is primarily detected in the elderly population, with most cases presenting in patients above 60. In this disease, there is an uncontrolled clonal proliferation of plasma cells within the bone marrow, which starts secreting abnormal proteins or immunoglobulins (Ig), which are attempted to be removed by the kidneys. However, due to their larger size and a gradual load of these abnormal proteins, the clearance capacity of the kidneys is compromised. Eventually, they start accumulating within the kidneys causing chronic kidney damage.
Due to the proliferation of these abnormal malignant cells, the normal function of bone marrow also gradually starts getting affected, and the normal hematopoietic elements start getting suppressed. These cumulatively result in a number of haematological and biochemical changes within the body, such as anaemia (low haemoglobin), abnormal kidney function or elevated creatinine, elevated abnormal protein (called globulin), increased blood calcium level, and abnormal Ig. Their fragments are called free light chains and can be detected in the blood and urine. Due to the bones gradually losing calcium, they start getting weak and develop small breakages or lytic lesions, which can be detected by X-rays, PET scans or MRI.
Multiple Myeloma Diagnosis
Main investigations include a complete blood count, blood smear examination, kidney and liver function tests, biochemical parameters such as serum or urine protein electrophoresis, immunofixation and free light chain assays, bone marrow studies, karyotyping/ cytogenetics, next-generation sequencing (NGS), X-ray of bones or PET CT and MRI.
Multiple Myeloma Risk Factors
There are no specific risk factors for acquiring this disease. However, it occurs in a patient with a pre-existing MGUS, which is benign plasma cell dyscrasia. Hence such patients should be monitored frequently to rule out transformation to myeloma. Multiple myeloma is often associated with cytogenic or molecular abnormalities, which along with other biochemical parameters, help stratify the disease into low, intermediate or high risk, which may help decide the subsequent line of therapy.
Multiple Myeloma Symptoms
The main clinical features or symptoms in multiple myeloma will include fatigue and breathing difficulty due to low haemoglobin or anaemia, fever, a tendency to develop frequent infections as a result of low immunity, weight loss, appetite loss, bone pains usually presenting as low back pain, development of pathological fractures with minimum or no trauma, derangement of kidney function and passage of protein in the urine and features of peripheral neuropathy such as numbness, pain or tingling over the extremities. However, the diagnosis of myeloma can often be missed since most patients present with non-specific signs and symptoms, which patients may initially attribute to old age-related symptoms and may delay in seeking a medical opinion.
However, there must be a high level of suspicion for this condition to avoid misdiagnosis, which may result in disease progression and an increased likelihood for subsequent development of PCL, which is a potentially life-threatening condition.
Multiple Myeloma Treatment
The treatment of myeloma is determined by patient-related, disease-related and drug-related factors. Each patient is evaluated on an individual basis, and the appropriate line of therapy is decided by an expert group of doctors, ideally by a multi-disciplinary team approach. The treatment strategies include modalities such as Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Monoclonal Antibodies, Targeted therapies and Stem Cell Transplant, mainly the autologous type. However, allogeneic transplants may be used in relapsed or refractory cases in physically fit younger individuals. Moreover, CAR-T cell therapy is now an approved and promising therapeutic modality, which is a highly specialized immunotherapy involving genetically modifying a patient’s T cells to attack and fight multiple myeloma.
In eligible patients, including high-risk diseases, an autologous stem cell transplant is usually recommended in keeping with the chronic relapsing nature of the disease, as this therapy may help increase the remission period and reduce the likelihood of relapses.
Conclusion
Overall, multiple myeloma is a haematological malignancy presenting in older age which is treatable via a number of modalities. With current advancements in diagnostic methods, improved individualized therapeutic regimens, better facilities and supportive care, there has been a consistent improvement in the overall survival, progression-free survival and general quality of life in patients suffering from multiple myeloma.
by Dr. Haq | Aug 14, 2023 | Activist Virus-, Artificial intelligence, Endoscopy
Advances in cardiology have revolutionised the field of valve replacement, providing a breakthrough solution for patients who are not suitable candidates for traditional open-heart surgery. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has emerged as a minimally invasive procedure that offers a safe and effective alternative to surgical valve replacement. In this article, we will explore the benefits and advantages of TAVR, highlighting why surgery may no longer be the only option for valve replacement.
TAVR: A Minimally Invasive Alternative:
TAVR allows for the replacement of heart valves without the need for open-heart surgery. Instead, a catheter-mounted valve is inserted through a small puncture in the groin and guided to the site of the old valve. Once in position, the new valve is deployed, leading to immediate clinical improvement. This procedure is typically performed in a cardiac catheterisation lab, reducing the risks associated with traditional surgery.
- Faster Recovery and Reduced Hospital StayCompared to open-heart surgery, TAVR offers several advantages in terms of recovery time and hospital stay. Traditional valve replacement surgery requires a sternotomy, which involves the surgical separation of the chest, resulting in a longer recovery period of 6-8 weeks. In contrast, TAVR patients typically experience a shorter hospital stay of 1-2 days and a quicker overall recovery, similar to that of a stent procedure.
- Local Anesthesia and Awake During the ProcedureTAVR procedures are performed under local anaesthesia, minimising the risks associated with general anaesthesia. Patients remain awake throughout the procedure, allowing for real-time communication with the medical team. This not only improves patient comfort but also enables quicker assessment of the valve’s functionality during the deployment process.
- Suitable for Elderly and Frail PatientsOne of the significant advantages of TAVR is its suitability for elderly and frail patients who may be at higher risk for open-heart surgery. As the population ages, the number of patients needing valve replacement increases. TAVR provides a safer option for these individuals, enabling them to receive the necessary treatment with reduced risks and improved outcomes.
- Validated Superiority and Widening ApplicationsNumerous studies have confirmed the effectiveness and superiority of TAVR compared to traditional valve replacement surgery. Initially approved for elderly patients, TAVR has expanded its applications and can now be considered for younger patients who are not eligible for surgical options or are deemed high-risk candidates. This widening of eligibility criteria has further solidified TAVR’s position as a viable alternative to surgery.
Case Study: Mr S’s Journey to a Successful TAVR Procedure
To illustrate the transformative impact of TAVR, let us delve into the case of Mr S, an 83-year-old gentleman who required a repeat aortic valve replacement. Due to his age and frailty, traditional open-heart surgery was deemed too risky. However, thanks to the advancements in cardiology, Mr. S was offered the opportunity to undergo a TAVR procedure. With a small puncture in his groin, the catheter-mounted valve was carefully positioned and deployed at the site of his degenerated valve. The procedure, lasting only one to one and a half hours, was performed while Mr S remained awake, and he experienced immediate clinical improvement. After just a brief hospital stay of two days, Mr S was discharged, and his recovery was remarkably smooth. The success of Mr S’s TAVR case serves as a compelling testament to the efficacy and benefits of this groundbreaking procedure, providing hope and renewed quality of life for patients who were once considered poor candidates for valve replacement.
The advent of TAVR has transformed the field of valve replacement, offering a minimally invasive and effective solution for patients who were previously limited by the risks and challenges of traditional open-heart surgery. With faster recovery, reduced hospital stays, and proven superiority, TAVR has become the go-to option for many patients requiring valve replacement. As the technology continues to advance, we can expect even greater refinements and broader applications, ultimately benefiting a larger population in need of life-saving interventions.
by Dr. Haq | Aug 14, 2023 | Artificial intelligence, Medical, Radiology, Science
Sialendoscopy is an innovative technique used for the treatment of salivary gland duct stones, medically known as Sialolithiasis. This condition is a common cause of benign swelling in the salivary glands, with an incidence ranging from 1 in 15,000 to 1 in 30,000 individuals. Traditionally, the treatment for symptomatic salivary gland duct stones involved the excision of the entire salivary gland through an external incision. However, this approach had several drawbacks, including the removal of a functional but obstructed salivary gland, potential injury to vital nerves, and the development of scars on the face or neck.
The Sialendoscopy Technique
Sialendoscopy has been developed as a technique to overcome the limitations of traditional treatment methods. In this procedure, a tiny endoscope or camera is inserted into the salivary duct through the oral cavity, allowing visualization of the stone. For smaller stones measuring less than 4mm, retrieval can be done through the duct itself without the need for any incision. Larger stones may require the use of lithotripsy externally or laser treatment internally to break the stone into fragments for retrieval. Alternatively, a sialendoscopy-guided combined approach technique can be employed, where an incision is made inside the oral cavity, and the stone is retrieved. Both methods avoid the traditional approach of salivary gland removal, preserving the functionality of the gland and preventing external scar formation.
Sialendoscopy Procedure and Recovery
Sialendoscopy can be performed under general or local anesthesia in the operating theatre or as an office procedure in the clinician’s outpatient department. The recovery time after the procedure is minimal, and post-procedure pain is typically well-tolerated. Hospital stays are brief, allowing patients to return home soon after the procedure. Complications associated with sialendoscopy are minimal, with temporary swelling of the gland being the most common. In rare cases, strictures or constriction of the duct may occur post-procedure. To prevent this, a stent may be temporarily placed in the duct, and once the inflammation subsides, it is removed within a couple of weeks. Nerve injuries are also rare but can occur in the combined approach technique. However, an experienced and meticulous surgeon can minimize the risk of such complications.
Benefits of Sialendoscopy
Sialendoscopy offers several advantages over traditional treatment methods for salivary gland duct stones. The preservation of the salivary gland allows for continued production and secretion of saliva, preventing the dry mouth commonly associated with gland removal. The absence of external scars contributes to improved cosmetic outcomes and patient satisfaction. The procedure can be performed in an outpatient setting, reducing the need for hospitalization and minimizing healthcare costs. Additionally, the minimal recovery time and post-procedure pain make sialendoscopy a convenient and patient-friendly option.
Sialendoscopy is a useful technique for the treatment of salivary gland duct stones. By avoiding the need for salivary gland removal and external scars, it offers patients a gland-preserving approach with excellent cosmetic outcomes. The procedure can be performed under local or general anaesthesia, allowing for flexibility in the treatment setting. Although complications are rare, temporary swelling and, in rare cases, strictures or nerve injuries can occur. Nonetheless, sialendoscopy has revolutionised the management of salivary gland duct stones and continues to be a promising option for patients worldwide.
by Dr. Haq | Aug 14, 2023 | Artificial intelligence, Medical, Radiology
In today’s fast-paced work environment, where many individuals spend a significant amount of time seated at a desk, it is crucial to prioritize ergonomics. Ergonomics focuses on designing and arranging the workplace to fit the needs of the human body, optimizing comfort, productivity, and overall well-being. By implementing ergonomic principles, employers can create a healthier and more efficient workspace for their employees. The article explores the importance of ergonomics in the workplace and highlights key considerations for optimizing employee health and productivity.
Enhancing posture and reducing musculoskeletal disorders
Maintaining a proper posture while working is vital to preventing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and reducing the risk of chronic pain. Poor ergonomics, such as uncomfortable chairs, poorly positioned monitors, or inadequate desk setups, can contribute to incorrect posture and strain on the body.
To promote good posture, it is essential to ensure that employees have adjustable chairs that provide proper lumbar support. Chairs should be positioned at the correct height, allowing your feet to rest flat on the floor while keeping the knees at a 90-degree angle. Additionally, ergonomic keyboards and mice help reduce the strain on your wrists and hands, minimizing the risk of conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome.
Optimizing Workstation Setup
Creating an ergonomic workstation involves several key elements. The position of the computer monitor is crucial to prevent eye strain and neck discomfort. The top of the monitor should be at or slightly below eye level and placed at arm’s length away from the user. Adjustable monitor stands or mounts can help achieve optimal positioning.
Furthermore, the placement of the keyboard and mouse is crucial. The keyboard should be at a height that allows the forearms to rest parallel to the floor, and the wrists should be in a neutral position. An ergonomic mouse can provide better support and comfort for the hand and wrist, reducing the risk of repetitive strain injuries.
Taking Breaks and Encouraging Movement
Encouraging regular breaks and movement is an essential aspect of ergonomic workplace design. Prolonged periods of sitting can lead to issues like poor blood circulation, back pain, and decreased productivity. Implementing standing desks or adjustable sit-stand desks can let employees alternate between sitting and standing throughout the day, promoting movement and reducing the negative effects of prolonged sitting.
Moreover, encouraging employees to take short breaks for stretching, walking, or engaging in light exercises can help prevent muscle stiffness and improve circulation. These breaks not only enhance physical well-being but also contribute to mental refreshment and increased productivity.
Education and Awareness
Raising awareness about ergonomics and providing training to employees is crucial for the successful implementation of ergonomic practices. Employers should conduct regular workshops or training sessions to educate employees about proper workstation setup, posture, and the importance of breaks and movement. Employees should be encouraged to report any discomfort or pain related to their work environment, allowing for timely adjustments to be made.
By fostering a culture of ergonomics, employers can create a supportive and healthy work environment that prioritizes employee well-being and productivity.
Conclusion
Investing in ergonomic workplace design is a win-win situation for both employers and employees. By prioritizing ergonomics, organizations can reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders, increase employee satisfaction, and enhance productivity. Simple adjustments, such as proper workstation setup, ergonomic furniture, regular breaks, and employee education, can significantly improve the overall well-being of the workforce. As we move forward, employers must recognize the importance of ergonomics and make it an integral part of their workplace strategy.
by Dr. Haq | Aug 14, 2023 | Activist Virus-, Artificial intelligence, Radiology
During the pandemic, many patients delayed their annual examinations. This number was especially high in our male population. Unfortunately, this delay in screenings has resulted in more advanced prostate cancer diagnoses. “We’re concerned because we’re seeing fewer patients come in for their annual screenings,” says Daniel Lee, MD, MS, a urologist at Penn Medicine. “So when we discover prostate cancers, they’re more advanced than they were or could have been. The more advanced these cancers are when they are diagnosed, the more difficult they are to treat and have a successful outcome.”
It’s very important for men to pay attention to prostate cancer screenings if they are at high risk due to background and/or family history. Men who are age 40 with a first degree relative who had prostate cancer at an early age are at a higher risk. Men who are age 45 who have African American heritage or a family history of prostate cancer are at an increased risk for prostate cancer as well. And after age 55, all men are at an increased risk for developing prostate cancer.
